The risk is very low. HIV is spread only in extremely rare cases by: Having oral sex. The risk is extremely small these days because of rigorous testing of the U. Being bitten by a person with HIV. Each of the very small number of documented cases has involved severe trauma with extensive tissue damage and the presence of blood.
There is no risk of transmission if the skin is not broken. Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood or blood-contaminated body fluids.
Deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner. HIV is not spread through saliva. Eating food that has been pre-chewed by a person with HIV. The only known cases are among infants.
The viruses that cause hepatitis B and hepatitis C can be transmitted in this way as well. There are also some less common ways that HIV can be transmitted. Generally speaking, female-to-male or more accurately, someone with a vagina transmitting the virus to someone with a penis transmission is less likely than male-to-female transmission.
However, female-to-male transmission can still occur. Some factors can increase the risk of a person with a penis contracting HIV from vaginal sex. For example, open cuts, sores, or ulcers around the penis can provide a way for the virus to enter the body. This type of transmission can potentially occur due to exposure to vaginal fluids or menstrual blood.
Oral sex is a less common way to transmit HIV. Some factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission through oral sex include :. The risk of contracting HIV from a blood transfusion, other blood products, or organ donation is now extremely rare in the United States. All donated blood or blood products in the United States are tested for several types of bloodborne pathogens, including HIV.
Organ donations are also screened for HIV. However, testing of organ recipients after surgery can quickly detect transmission so that antiretroviral medications can be started promptly. HIV can also be transmitted from a pregnant person to their child during pregnancy, delivery, and through breastfeeding.
However, recommended testing of all pregnant people for HIV has greatly reduced the number of babies who contract HIV in this way. Additionally, if both the birthing parent and child receive HIV medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding, the risk of transmission can almost be eliminated, according to the World Health Organization WHO.
While the virus cannot be transmitted by saliva, transmission can occur if blood is present. This can happen when both partners have bleeding gums, open cuts, or sores in their mouths.
HIV may be transmitted through accidental job-related injuries, such as cuts and needlesticks. Healthcare professionals are most at risk for this type of transmission, but the likelihood is very low. The mucous membranes are found at the entrances into the body and line the gastrointestinal tract the passageway from the mouth to the anus , the reproductive system, the urogenital tract and the lungs.
These parts of the body play important roles that help the body work properly. They are involved in exchanging substances between the body and the outside environment. For example, the gastrointestinal tract secretes chemicals to break down food and absorb nutrients into the body. Mucous membranes need to stay wet to help them work as they are supposed to.
All mucous membranes secrete mucous, a slimy fluid that helps keep them wet and lubricated. After a fluid containing HIV comes into contact with a mucous membrane, HIV still needs to complete a difficult journey before it can cause an infection. In some cases, HIV is not able to complete this journey and infection does not occur. The mucous membranes are vulnerable but not defenseless. These membranes are covered with a layer of cells called epithelial cells that are tightly joined together.
This helps to prevent germs from entering the body and causing an infection. Some mucous membranes such as the rectum have a single layer of cells while others such as the foreskin, urethra and vagina have multiple layers. The more layers, the more protection there is. The mucous itself also contains chemicals and antibodies that can kill germs. Even if HIV manages to pass through the mucous and the layer of cells, there are still ways the body can prevent an HIV infection.
Under the cell layer, a large concentration of immune cells is responsible for attacking and killing germs that manage to find their way past the cell layer.
To cause an infection after an exposure, HIV first needs to cross the cell layer and then avoid being destroyed by the immune cells below. If the virus overcomes these defenses, it can then spread past the site of infection to other parts of the body, by entering the blood and lymphatic vessels in the mucous membrane tissue. Once HIV has spread throughout the body, the virus can establish infections in different organs and tissues. At this point, the HIV infection becomes permanent see Figure.
Also, if HIV spreads beyond the mucous membranes, immune cells in the blood and lymphatic vessels and organs and tissues may be able to clear the virus before a permanent infection is established. This explains why some exposures to HIV do not lead to infection.
HIV can travel across the cell layer and enter the body on its own, but damage to the cell layer can make it easier for HIV to get across. Things that damage an intact cell layer and have the potential to increase the risk of infection include:. The larger the surface of the cell layer exposed to HIV, the more likely it is that HIV will be able to find a way to cross it. The surface area of the mucous membranes on the penis the urethra and foreskin is much smaller than the surface area of the rectum or vagina.
This partly explains why insertive anal or vaginal sex generally carries a lower risk of getting HIV compared to receptive sex. Similarly, insertive vaginal sex is less risky than receptive vaginal sex. This also explains why male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection for men who participate in vaginal sex. Similarly, circumcision may also reduce the risk of HIV infection for men who participate in insertive anal sex. Additional ways of avoiding infection: If you are an injecting drug user, always use new needles and syringes that are disposable or needles and syringes that have been properly sterilized before reuse see question 20 or opt for other prevention measures such as Opioid Substitution therapy.
Ensure that blood and blood products are tested for HIV and that blood safety standards are implemented. See questions 19— Condoms with lubrication are less likely to tear during handling or use. Oil-based lubricants, such as Vaseline, should not be used, as they can damage the condom. Only open the package containing the condom when you are ready to use it. Otherwise, the condom will dry out.
Be careful not to tear or damage the condom when you open the package. If it does get torn, throw it away and open a new package. Condoms come rolled up into a flat circle. Place the rolled-up condom, right side up, on the end of the penis.
Hold the tip of the condom between your thumb and first finger to squeeze the air out of the tip. This leaves room for the semen to collect after ejaculation. Keep holding the top of the condom with one hand.
With the other hand, unroll the condom all the way down the length of the erect penis to the pubic hair. If the condom is not lubricated enough, a water-based lubricant such as silicone, glycerin or K-Y jelly can be added. Lubricants made from oil—cooking oil or shortening, mineral or baby oil, petroleum jellies such as Vaseline and most lotions—should never be used because they can damage the condom.
After sex, the condom needs to be removed the right way. Right after the man ejaculates, he must hold onto the condom at the base, to be sure that the condom does not slip off. Then, the man must pull out while the penis is still erect.
When the penis is completely withdrawn, remove the condom from the penis and throw away the condom. Do not flush it down the toilet. If you are going to have sex again, use a new condom and repeat the whole process. Carefully remove the condom from its protective pouch. Add extra lubricant, if desired, to the inner and outer rings of the condom.
To insert the condom, squat down, sit with your knees apart or stand with one foot on a stool or low chair. Hold the condom with the open end hanging down.
While holding the top ring of the pouch the closed end of the condom squeeze the ring between your thumb and middle finger. Now place your index finger between your thumb and middle fingers. With your fingers in this position, keep the top of the condom squeezed in a flat oval.
Use your other hand to spread the lips of your vagina and insert the closed end of the pouch. Once you have inserted the closed end of the pouch, use your index finger to push the pouch the rest of the way up into your vagina.
Check to be certain that the top of the pouch is up past your pubic bone, which you can feel by curving your index finger upwards once it is a few inches inside your vagina. You can insert the pouch up to eight hours before your have intercourse. Make sure that the condom is not twisted inside your vagina: if it is, remove it, add a drop or two of lubricant and re-insert.
Note: about two centimetres of the open end of the condom will remain outside your body. If your partner inserts his penis underneath or alongside the pouch, ask him to withdraw immediately. Remove the condom, discard it and use a new pouch. Until you and your partner become familiar with the female condom, it will be helpful if you use your hand to guide his penis into your vagina. After your partner ejaculates and withdraws, squeeze and twist the open end of the pouch to keep the sperm inside.
Pull out gently. Dispose of the used condom but do not throw it down the toilet. For injecting drug users, certain steps can be taken to reduce personal and public health risks: Take drugs orally change from injecting to non-injecting drug use. Never re-use or share syringes, water or drug-preparation equipment. Use a new syringe obtained from a reliable source, e. When preparing drugs, use sterile water or clean water from a reliable source. Using a fresh alcohol swab, clean the injection site prior to injection.
Hand-washing with soap and water before and after all procedures. Use of protective barriers, such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and goggles, when in direct contact with blood and other body fluids.
Safe disposal of waste contaminated with blood or other body fluids. Proper disinfection of instruments and other contaminated equipment. Proper handling of soiled linen.
Antiretroviral medicines should only be taken as prescribed by a health-care professional. Testing 27 What is an HIV test? There are different types of testing available: Confidential HIV test: the medical professionals handling the HIV test keep the result of the test confidential within the medical records. Myths 34 Are mosquito bites a risk of infection with HIV?
There is no evidence that HIV can be transmitted while playing a sport. People living with HIV should protect themselves and others from the virus that causes COVID in the same way that all people are advised to reduce exposure: Regular and thorough hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub. Maintain at least 1 metre distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
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